Distracted driving happens when people shift their attention from the primary task of driving to a secondary task such as using a mobile phone or eating.

We recently examined the specific effects of different distraction types on driving performance – and discovered some carried a greater risk than others.

What we studied

Driving distractions that cause accidents can happen for any of these reasons:

• auditory distractions, such as listening to music, having a conversation or hearing a baby cry
• visual distractions, such as looking at a navigator or passengers
• cognitive distractions such as thinking, daydreaming, or future planning
• behavioural distractions such as texting, calling, fixing a mirror or eating/drinking.

In our study, we used a driving simulator in a controlled laboratory setting to systematically manipulate distraction conditions and assess their impact on driving.

The simulator had three screens with nearly 180° peripheral vision in a driving scenario.

We distracted participants in four ways. We:

• called their mobile phone while they were driving (auditory distraction)
• asked them to locate a specific key of a computer keyboard located in front of them, which was a part of the driving simulator (visual distraction, as drivers need to look at the key by moving their eyes from the road on the screen)
• engaged them in a conversation (cognitive distraction)
• instructed them to move a cup from one side of their driving seat to the other (behavioural distraction).

We studied 103 Australian drivers aged 16–82 in the Australian Capital Territory, using a road deviation measure to reflect the “sway” of the vehicle.

How did these distractions impact driving?

Participants’ driving was worse when they were involved in listening (auditory distraction) and when they were asked to do a task (behavioural distraction) compared with the other two types of distractions (cognitive and visual).

The reason is likely to be that our brains struggle to concentrate on driving and deal with these distractions at the same time. The result? An increased risk of making a mistake on the road.

The results did surprise us. Before the study, we assumed visual distractions would impact drivers most, but that was not the case with our results.

A possible explanation is that when drivers intentionally look away from the road, they mentally predict what is likely to happen over the next few seconds. This is an internal decision.

That is not the case for most auditory distractions – these are largely created by others and often happen unexpectedly, like a baby crying or hearing a favourite song on the radio. Drivers may not be mentally prepared for this type of distraction.

Also, audio distractions can happen at any time, even during complex driving moments (such as high traffic or merging). Drivers are less likely to take their eyes off the road in these complex moments.

It must be noted that these four distractions can be interrelated (a phone ringing is mainly an auditory distraction, but it also sparks the brain to do something, which is cognitive). And you may also look at your phone, which is a visual distraction.

In our study, we used verbal conversations as a measure of cognitive distraction, but drivers can also be distracted cognitively by thinking about problems or being in a hurry.

Our study supports previous research investigating in-vehicle distractions.

Mobile phone usage is the big one – a United States study found that using (not just hearing it ring) a phone while driving increases the chances of a collision by up to four times.

Australian research found that non-technology-based activities – such as eating, drinking, smoking, and interacting with passengers – also have the potential to increase crash risk.

So, how do we make our roads safer?

Our findings suggest a few key takeaways for drivers, educators, government bodies, and road safety organisations.

On an individual level, drivers need to be aware of the auditory and behavioural distractions they face, and the potential impact on road safety. We found that people often don’t know which distractions most negatively affect their driving.

While many drivers talk with passengers, it can affect their locus of control and driving behaviour. They therefore need to be mindful of the level of noise inside the vehicle and try to avoid arguments or noisy conversations.

Podcasts and audiobooks can have a similar effect on driving performance.

Inside-vehicle distractions are increasing with the rapid growth of technologies such as smartphones, smartwatches, and navigation systems. It is therefore essential that drivers are also aware of how to use (or not to use) these gadgets safely.

Road safety organisations and government bodies must develop road safety promotions that highlight in-vehicle distractions (in particular, auditory and behavioural types). Often, these promotions focus only on external distractions, such as poor weather, road conditions, and pedestrian behaviour.

We would like to acknowledge Hilmi Khan, research assistant in this project, for his contribution.

Johra Kayeser Fatima, Senior Lecturer, Marketing, University of Canberra; Jeroen van Boxtel, Associate professor in Psychology and Cognitive neuroscience, University of Canberra; Ram Subramanian, Associate Professor, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Canberra, and Somayeh Bahmannia, Lecturer, Organisational Behaviour, University of Canberra

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.